Another approach to cell immortalization involves the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, such as p53 and Rb. These genes normally function to prevent uncontrolled cell proliferation. When they are repressed or inactivated, cells can bypass senescence and continue dividing.
One common method to achieve this is by introducing viral oncogenes, which are derived from viruses known to induce cancer. These oncogenes can inactivate tumor suppressor proteins and promote continuous cell growth. The most widely used viral oncogene is SV40 large T antigen, which inactivates both p53 and Rb. Other examples include:
EBV genes (EBNA1/EBNA2) - commonly used for B cell immortalization
HPV16 E6/E7 - effective in immortalizing keratinocytes
E1A gene from human adenovirus type 5 - used for epithelial cell immortalization, e.g. HEK293 is a human embryonic kidney cell immortalized by E1A of adenovirus 5.
c-Myc - a cellular oncogene that can drive proliferation and extend lifespan in some cell types.
Additionally, siRNAs targeting p53 or Rb can also be employed to transiently suppress these genes and support immortalization.